Introduction to XBRL
Annual reports, quarterly reports, management discussion & analysis are a few of the reports that companies need to file with the regulators / investors. Most companies manually produce these financial reports and hence are faced with issues that are typically associated with manual processes such as high risk of errors, long cycle times and most importantly the lack of a reporting standard. This problem is magnified by the fact that companies function on a global scale and are exposed to investors and regulators from various regions making a financial reporting standard for external and internal reporting a critical requirement.
These issues were addressed with the introduction of XBRL, which is short for eXtensible Business Reporting Language. This consortium powerfully connects members representing the entire financial and business reporting supply chain information that is universally open, industry-driven, and internationally endorsed. In simple terms, XBRL is an electronic information supply chain standard for moving financial and business reporting information into an interactive intelligent information format.
What is XBRL?
XBRL is an open standard for the electronic communication of business and financial data. XBRL is now widely adopted by over 400 organizations in 11 global jurisdictions, including 19 stock exchanges and 10 country-wide taxing authorities. XBRL is essentially a dictionary of “tags” that can be applied to each element in a financial statement. This tells standard software what the item represents and how it relates to other items in the report, much like giving all the facts in the report a unique barcode. In XBRL a number isn’t simply say 1,000,000. In XBRL data the same number is understood as INR 1,000,000 is the sales of Company ‘X’ for the Indian segment of particular products for a particular quarter for a particular year. In other words descriptive items such as the currency, time period etc. become a part and parcel of the number itself. This approach allows users to compare the tags of one company between periods or even to compare the tags between companies. For example, users will know that when they are comparing the revenue tags between Company A and Company B that they are in fact comparing data in the same currency and across the same period. The benefits to management and investors are obvious, as they can now electronically retrieve data very quickly and in a context that is clearly defined by the tag.
Why XBRL?
The advantages of XBRL data over conventional forms of data are given below:
Standard - XBRL is a standard that has been accepted and adopted the world over thus reducing inconsistencies in terminologies and data formatting.
Accuracy - XBRL provides highly accurate data as the data can be both calculated and verified.
Speed - XBRL allows much faster and real-time preparation of reports and at the same time allows efficient, accurate and relevant ways to search data
Reusable - XBRL data once entered can be reused to represent the same data in multiple ways and multiple formats.
Platform Independent - XBRL is an open standard and hence platform independent, this allows the data to be exchanged and transferred with ease.
Region Independent - XBRL allows the presentation and exchange of data in many different languages.
How does XBRL work?
An XBRL document can be viewed as a system of barcodes. These barcodes not only contain the information but also attributes that describe the information. The XBRL process can be understood better with the help of the diagram below:
The source document is the annual report of the company that is to be converted to XBRL.
The taxonomy of XBRL is in literal terms a dictionary of elements that are reported. The taxonomy provides the tags (barcodes) for all the elements appearing in the annual report.
The creation of XBRL documents involves the process of tagging the document. Tagging is the process of assigning barcodes to all the elements appearing in the annual report.
Once all the elements appearing in the annual report have been tagged the XBRL Instance document is generated and the process is complete.
The XBRL instance document contains all the facts that are reported in the annual report along with the descriptive attributes about the data that is reported. The instance document is platform independent and can be reused to represent and transfer data as per the requirements of the user.
XBRL Application Areas
Financial Reporting – XBRL is a mandate for many regulatory filing in India, US, UK and many more. XBRL enables reporting in any taxonomy like Indian GAAP, IFRS, US GAAP & UK GAAP, thus satisfying the regulatory reporting requirement of companies falling under any jurisdiction.
IFRS Conversion – XBRL data set is very amenable to be processed using business rules that can be built into the taxonomy. IFRS implementation using XBRL Standards creates an XBRL Layer on the existing legacy systems.
Business Operations - XBRL brings efficiency in Intra period reporting for internal assessments and financial modelling.
Risk Assessments – XBRL automates the process of inputting data in various models and thereby facilitates the process of determination of risk.
Investing & Lending – Helps allocating funds to diverse investment avenues and brings about efficiency in providing data to banks and other authorities.
Mergers & Acquisitions – XBRL facilitates easier exchange of information between two organizations. It is authoritative based on a jurisdictional approved taxonomy.
Economic Policy Making - Efficient way to provide data to various government Agencies, Trade associations etc.
Investor Relations – Making derived data available to the consumers of information and providing reports in XBRL through the IR portal thereby making the consumption of financial information simpler.
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